Monday, August 12, 2013

Losing His Religion: Krugman and the Neoclassical Synthesis

Recently, Kevin O'Rourke argued about benefits of trying to understand economic history. One may add the history of economic thought as an addendum to O'Rourke's piece.

Consider Paul Krugman's recent characterization of Milton Friedman's as "Unperson" and the characteristically breathless riposte by Nick Rowe.

Today Krugman goes further by aiming his quill not only at the Freshwater patriarch Friedman but at the departed doyen of Saltwater economics, Paul Samuelson:
But the experience of the past 6 years, since the financial crisis began, has blown apart not just Friedman’s position but much of Samuelson’s as well.

First of all, the liquidity trap is real; conventional monetary policy, it turns out, can’t deal with really large negative shocks to demand. We can argue endlessly about whether unconventional monetary policy could do the trick, if only the Fed did it on a truly huge scale; but the fact is that the Fed hasn't ever been willing, or felt that it had sufficient political room, to do that experiment.

Second, while the evidence from austerity programs strongly suggests that fiscal policy does in fact work, with multipliers well above one, the political economy of policy turns out to make an effective fiscal response to depression very difficult.

So the neoclassical synthesis — the idea that we can use monetary and fiscal policy to make the world safe for laissez-faire everywhere else — has failed the test. What does this mean?
Krugman continues:

What’s more, you have to ask why, if markets are imperfect enough to generate the massive waste we’ve seen since 2008, we should believe that they get everything else right. I’ve always considered myself a free-market Keynesian — basically, a believer in Samuelson’s synthesis. But I’m far less sure of that position than I used to be
(Krugman 2013) (emphasis added)

To my point about the need of history of economic thought, let us take a look at Samuelson's position:

Modern democracies have the fiscal and monetary tools, and the political will to use them, to end chronic slumps and galloping inflations. This gives us the neoclassical synthesis: the classical principles of microeconomic pricing…are thus validated by successful use of the tools. (Samuelson 1963:339)

But as (Togati 1998:141) shows, Samuelson, who was considered a 'Keynesian' in the traditional media, was inconsistent with the economics of Keynes, particularly with respect to Keynes's structural stability analysis:
...Keynes’s stability analysis departs from Samuelson’s concerns the assessment of policy interventions. Keynes’s emphasis on the instability of the key parameters contradicts Samuelson’s view that a smooth transition from depression to full employment is possible, given the simple choice of the right policy mix. The crucial point he makes in the General Theory is that policy may itself cause instability in those parameters so that the task of pushing the system to full employment is never a mechanical one. Thus policy-makers may fail to reach this goal, if they are unable to shape agents’ conventional views:

Thus a monetary policy which strikes public opinion as being experimental in character or easily liable to change may fail in its objective of greatly reducing the long-term rate of interest… The same policy, on the other hand, may prove easily successful if it appeals to public opinion as being reasonable and practicable and in the public interest, rooted in strong conviction, and promoted by an authority unlikely to be superseded.

(Keynes 1936:203)
The crucial bit to take away is that there is a corpus of economic history and the history of economic thought behind everything written in the blogosphere and via the distribution channels of traditional media. The fact that it is not covered in the training of economists is a failure of the profession.  As my prof Perry Sadorsky emphasized during MBA lectures concerning macroeconomics and the efficacy of stabilization policy, there was an industry in the hermeneutics of "what Keynes meant" in the aftermath of his most noted work, The General Theory. It is incumbent on any reader to not take anything they read at face value: facts cited by anyone, from winners of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences to purposeful amateurs looking to add to the discussion, are invariably entangled with values and assumptions

This blog does not take the view that economics --in any manifestation-- is an objective reality however it becomes a very useful lens when considered in concert with politics, power, and the role of institutions (in the Old Institutionalist à la Veblen, Commons, Weber rather then in the New sense) in a modern economic system.

References:
Krugman, Paul. "Synthesis Lost." The New York Times, Online edition, sec. The Opinion Pages, August 12, 2013. http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/synthesis-lost/  (accessed August 12, 2013). 
Samuelson, Paul. Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. 
Togati, Teodoro Dario. Keynes and the Neoclassical Synthesis; Einsteinian versus Newtonian macroeconomics. London: Routledge, 1998.

Friday, August 2, 2013

Another Way To Look At US NFP

Taking the FRED database numbers from 1968 we can see how the current American nonfarm payrolls (NFP) numbers stack up, how they look when smoothed with moving averages (three, six and twelve month), and how they relate to average and median job creation numbers going back to 1968. 

There is no science to going back to that date; if anything, it illustrates further the weakness of the current recovery and the lack of resilience of the world's largest economy going into the next downturn. Yes, downturn. We are not in an age of new paradigms despite what you may have heard about the renaissance in US oil production. 

The best  case is that we are half way through an expansion --like that of the 1990s when the Greenspan FED orchestrated a soft landing-- that is a decade in length. But this is very unlikely given the limits of monetary policy in the current circumstance despite the bloviating writings on the blogosphere about macroeconomic modeling at the zero lower bound. Historians will forget these discussions and people who care about the economy rather than economic modeling find them as interesting as discussions of medieval angelology.

The continued presence of global imbalances between surplus and debtor nations will not go away; the challenge of China becoming a consumption haven before it can  escape the middle income trap is here to stay; and the globalizing forces that have made increasing inequality a mainstay  in our political discourse and precarious employment an everyday reality is a battle that must be fought each and every day. 

None of these issues will be solved with mystic monetarism. Sustained recoveries require sustained job growth (and the acquisition of hopefully decent jobs) at monthly levels above the median level for consecutive years. We have yet to see that.

Total NFP data (1968 - 2013 YTD)
Total NFP data (1968 - 2013 YTD) against Median and Average
Total NFP (12 month MA 1968 - 2013 YTD)
Total NFP (6 month MA 1968 - 2013 YTD)
Total NFP (3 month MA 1968 - 2013 YTD)